Sources

Cited Sources

Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Background and Methods

1. Institute of Medicine. Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001.

2. Leatherman S, McCarthy D. Quality of health care for children and adolescents: A Chartbook. New York, NY: The Commonwealth Fund; 2004.

3. Dougherty D, Meikle SF, Owens P, Kelley E, Moy E. Children's health care in the first National Healthcare Quality Report and National Healthcare Disparities Report. Med Care. 2005 Mar;43(3 Suppl):I58-63.

4. Mangione-Smith R, DeCristofaro AH, Setodji CM, Keesey J, Klein DJ, Adams JL, Schuster MA, McGlynn EA.The quality of ambulatory care delivered to children in the United States.N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 11;357(15):1515-23.

5. Weitzel, S., Shockley, C., McCann, C. (2006). Florida’s Children At A Glance, 2006. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute Department of Child and Family Studies, Center for the Study of Children’s Futures. http://cscf.fmhi.usf.edu/pdf/2006AAGweb.pdf

Chapter 2: Demographics

1. In this chapter, insurance type is presented from the National Survey of Children’s Health which allows comparisons with national averages; additional information on insurance is presented in Chapter Four.

2. Center for the Study of Children’s Futures, Florida Mental Health Institute. Available at http://cscf.fmhi.usf.edu/flkc.htm.

3. Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Annual estimates of the population by sex and age for Florida: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005 (SC-EST2005-02-12). Released August 4, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2007 from http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2005-02.html

4. Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Annual estimates of the population by selected age groups and sex for the United States: April 1, 200 to July 1, 2005 (NC-EST2005-02). Released May 10, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2007 from http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NC-EST2005-sa.html

5. Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, “Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare”, Washington, DC: National Academies Press; Wednesday, March 19, 2002.

6. Leatherman S, McCarthy D. Quality of health care for children and adolescents: A Chartbook. New York, NY: The Commonwealth Fund; 2004.

7. Dougherty D, Meikle SF, Owens P, Kelley E, Moy E. Children's Health Care in the First National Healthcare Quality Report and National Healthcare Disparities Report. Med Care. 2005 Mar;43(3 Suppl):I58-63.

8. Please note that the definitions and categories of race and ethnicity vary by data source in the various chapters of this report.

9. Edmunds M, Coye MJ, Editors. America's Children: Health Insurance and Access to Care. Committee on Children, Health Insurance, and Access to Care, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. Washington DC: National Academics Press; 1998.

10. Meckel RA. Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850-1929. The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1990. Baltimore, MD.

11. Wise PH. The transformation of child health in the United States. Health Affairs, September/October 2004; 23(5): 9-25.

12. Galobardes B, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiol Rev. 2004;26:7-21

13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Prior HHS Poverty Guidelines and Federal Register References. Available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/06poverty.shtml
14. Thomas A, Sawhill I. For love and money? The impact of family structure on family income. Future Child 2005;15(2):57-74 available at http://www.futureofchildren.org/information2826/information_show.htm?doc_id=290443

15. McLanahan S, Sandefur G. Growing Up With a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps, Harvard University Press, 1994, Cambridge, MA.

16. Amato PR. The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the next generation. Future Child 2005;15(2):75-96 available at http://www.futureofchildren.org/information2826/information_ show.htm?doc_id=290693

17. Case A, Paxson C. Parental behavior and child health. Health Affairs, March/April 2002; 21(2): 164-178.

Chapter 3: Health Status of Children and youth

1. Bethell, CD, Read, D, Blumberg, SJ, Newacheck, PW. What is the Prevalence of Children with Special Health Care Needs? Toward an Understanding of Variations in Findings and Methods Across Three National Surveys. Matern Child Health J. 2008 Jan;12(1):1-14.

2. McPherson M, Arango P, Fox H, et al. “A new definition of children with special health care needs", Pediatrics, 1998; 102: 137-140.

3. U.S. General Accounting Office. Oral Health: Dental Disease is a Chronic Problem Among Low-Income and Vulnerable Populations. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.

4. Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Child health USA, 2004. Health Resources and Services Administration. Rockville, MD; 2004. Retrieved on December 28, 2006 at http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/mchirc/chusa_04/_pdf/c04.pdf

5. Ferraro KF, Thorpe RJ Jr, Wilkinson JA. The life course of severe obesity: does childhood overweight matter? Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2003;58B(2):S110–S119.

6. Body mass index: About BMI for Children and Teens. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved on January 30, 2007 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/childrens_BMI/about_childrens_BMI.htm

7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005 (6th ed.). Washington, DC: 2005. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office at http://www.healthierus.gov/dietary guidelines/.

8. Minino AM, Heron MP and Smith BL (June 2006). Table 7. Deaths and death rates for the 10 leading causes of death in specified age groups: United States, preliminary 2004. National Vital Statistics Report, 54 (19), 28-29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA.

9. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Amendment of FMVSS No. 208 – Passenger Car Front Seat Occupant Protection. Washington DC: US Department of Transportation, 1984.

10. Murphy SL. Deaths: Final Data for 1988. National Vital Statistics Reports 2000 48 (11): 1-108.

11. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1998 Youth Fatal crash and alcohol facts. Washington, DC: United State Department of Transportation, 1998.

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Motor—Vehicle Crashes—United States, 1997-1998.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48(47): 1086-7, 1999.

13. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Injury Fact Book 2001-2002. Atlanta, GA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention: 2001.

14. Cotton NU, Resnick J, Browne DC, Martin SL, McCarraher DR, Woods J. “Aggression and Fighting Behavior Among African-American Adolescents: Individual and Family Factors.” American Journal of Public Health 14:220-224, 1993.

15. Hoyert DL, Arias E, Smith BL, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD. “Deaths: Final Data for 1999.” National Vital Statistics Reports 49: 1-113, 2001.

16. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking-attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost-United States, 1988. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 40(4): 62, 71, 1991.

18. Frances Page Glascoe, Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status—Survey Version, 2005. Forepath.org, PO Box 23186, Washington, DC 20026.

19. The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida. Evaluation of Florida's Medicaid Managed Mental Health Plans: Year 8 Report, June, 2005.

20. These are Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, and Walton. Escambia County has the largest population but is the smallest geographically. Okaloosa and Santa Rosa counties have similar population sizes and geographical size, but are more rural than Escambia County and Walton County is the most rural.

21. Jellinek MS, Murphy JM & Burns BJ (1986). Brief psychosocial screening in outpatient pediatric practice. J Pediatrics, 109:371-378.

22. Shaffer D, Fischer P, Dulcan MK, Davies M, Piacentini J et al. (1996). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Amer Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 35:865-877.

Chapter 4: Insurance & Utilization

1. Owens P.L., Thompson J., Elixhauser A., & Ryan K. (2003) Care of Children and Adolescents in U.S. Hospitals. HCUP Factbook No. 4 (04-0004). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.

2. Institute of Medicine. Health insurance is a family matter. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.

3. Institute of Medicine. Hospital-based emergency care: At the breaking point. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.

4. Institute of Medicine. Coverage Matters. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001.

5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (2004). Child Health USA 2004. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD.

6. Institute of Medicine. Hospital-based emergency care: At the breaking point. Future of emergency care. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2006.

7. Institute for Child Health Policy. University of Florida. Gainesville, FL. Available at http://www.ichp.edu

8. Chevarley F, Owens P, Zodet MW, Simpson LA, McCormick MC, Dougherty D (2006). Health care for children and youth in the United States: Annual report on patterns of coverage, utilization, quality and expenditures by a county level of urban influence. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6(5), 241-264.

9. For the hospital data, insurance type was defined by the expected payer recorded for each discharge. Categories include Private, Medicaid, Uninsured and Other. Uninsured includes self-pay and no charge. Other includes all non-Medicaid/non-private sources of insurance and includes: Medicare, Champus, Veteran’s Administration, other state and local government programs, Worker’s Compensation and other parts of the KidCare program (i.e., Healthy Kids, MediKids and Children’s Medical Services). For more information on the percentage of child discharges in each group in Florida 2003, see the methods for Chapter Four.

10. Hospital charges, which are not the same as costs, are used in this report. Because of federal laws and regulations, hospitals generally charge the same amount for the same service to all patients, with limited exceptions. What hospitals charge for services differs from their actual costs to provide those services and what they actually receive in payment (i.e., the cost to the patients and/or their health insurance plans) from Hospital Charges Explained (no date) by the American Hospital Association.

11. HCUPnet, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Retrieved on September 5, 2006, from http://www.hcupnet.ahrq.gov

12. The number of births here may differ from the number of births in vital statistics data because some children were born outside of a community hospital setting.

13. Lopez AM, Tilford JM, Anand KJ, Jo CH, Green JW, Aitken ME, Fiser DH (2006). Variation in pediatric intensive care therapies and outcomes by race, gender, and insurance status. Medical Care, 7(1), 2-6.

14. Tilford JM, Aitken ME, Anand KJ, Green JW, Goodman AC, Parker JG, Killingsworth JB, Fiser DH, Adelson PD (2005). Hospitalizations for critically ill children with traumatic brain injuries: A longitudinal analysis. Critical Care Medicine, 33(9), 2074-2081

15. Institute of Medicine (2002). Care without coverage. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Chapter 5: Quality of Care: Getting the Basics of Good Health Care

1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. Pediatrics. 2002;110 :184 –186

2. Bethell CD, Read D, Brockwood K. Using existing population-based data sets to measure the American Academy of Pediatrics definition of medical home for all children and children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 2004 May;113(5 Suppl):1529-37.; American Academy of Pediatrics.

3. Strickland B, McPherson M, Weissman G, van Dyck P, Huang ZJ, Newacheck P (2004). Access to the medical home: Results of the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Pediatrics, 113(5 suppl), 1485-1492).

4. Chung PJ, Lee TC, Morrison JL, Schuster MA. Preventive care for children in the United States: quality and barriers. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006 Vol. 27:491-515.

5. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2004). Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion, Lynn Nielsen-Bohlman, Allison M. Panzer, David A. Kindig, eds. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.

6 . Weech-Maldonado R, Morales LS, Spritzer K, Elliott M, Hays RD. Racial and ethnic differences in parents' assessments of pediatric care in Medicaid managed care. Health Serv Res. 2001 Jul;36(3):575-94.

7. Stille CJ, Antonelli, RC (2004). Coordination of care for children with special health care needs. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 16(6), 700-705.

8. Chung PJ, Schuster MA (2004). Access and quality in child health services. Health Affairs (Millwood), 23(5), 77-87.

Chapter 6: Quality of Care: Promoting the Healthy Development of Florida’s Children and Youth

1. Barnett,W. S. & Escobar,C. M. (1990). Economic costs and benefits of early intervention. In: S. J. Meisels & J. P. Shonkoff, eds. Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 560 582

2. American Academy of Pediatrics (July 2006). Policy Statement: Identifying Infants and Young Children With Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening, Council on Children with Disabilities. Section onfDevelopmental Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Volume 118, Number 1.

3. Glascoe,F. P. (1997) Parents' Evaluations of Developmental Status. Ellsworth and Vandermeer Press, Nashville, Tennessee. URL: http://edge.net/~evpress.

Chapter 7: Quality of Care: Children and Youth Who Live with Ongoing Health Conditions

1. McPherson M, Arango P, Fox H, et al. “A new definition of children with special health care needs", Pediatrics, 1998; 102: 137-140.

2. Bethell, CD, Read, D, Blumberg, SJ, Newacheck, PW. What is the Prevalence of Children with Special Health Care Needs? Toward an Understanding of Variations in Findings and Methods Across Three National Surveys. Matern Child Health J. 2008 Jan;12(1):1-14.

3. American Academy of Pediatrics, Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. Pediatrics. 2002;110 :184 –186

4. Cooley WC, McAllister, JW. Building medical homes: improvement strategies in primary care for children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 2004;113(suppl): 1499-1506.

5. Bethell CD, Read D, Stein RE, Blumberg SJ, Wells N, Newacheck PW. Identifying children with special health care needs: Development and evaluation of a short screening instrument. Ambul Pediatr 2002; 2(1):38-48.

6. Christakis DA, Wright JA, Zimmerman FJ, Bassett AL, Connell FA. 2002. Continuity of care is associated with high-quality care by parental report. Pediatrics 109:e54

7. Flores G, Abreu M, Olivar MA, Kastner B. Access barriers to health care for Latino children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998; 152:1119-25.

8. Ku L, Waidmann T. How race/ethnicity, immigration status, and language affect health insurance coverage, access to care and quality of care among the low income population. Washington, DC: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003.

9. Fox HB, McManus MA, Reichman MB. The Strengths and Weaknesses of Private Health Insurance Coverage for Children with Special Health Care Needs. MCH Policy Research Center, Washington, D.C., January 2002.

10. American Academy of Pediatrics, Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. The Medical Home. Pediatrics. 2002; 110:184 –186.

11. Bethell, CD, Read, D, Blumberg, SJ. Mental health in the United States: Health care and well being of children with chronic emotional, behavioral, or developmental problems –United States, 2001.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2005;54:985-989.

12. US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1999.

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental health in the United States: Prevalence of diagnosis and medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - United States, 2003. MMWR 2005;54:842-847.

14. Birnbaum HG, Kessler RC, Low SW, et al. Costs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: Excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:195-205.

15. Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Richters JE, et al. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1073-86.

16. The Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health, National Survey of Children’s Health. www.childhealthdata.org.

Chapter 8: Quality of Care: Getting Better When Sick

1. Wise P (2004). The transformation of child health. Health Affairs (Millwood), 23(5): 9-25.

2. This estimate is derived from the National Health Interview Survey which defines acute illness as any disease or injury that requires an activity restriction or medical attention for less than three months.

3. Simpson L, Zodet MW, Chevarley FM, Owens P, Dougherty D, McCormick M (2004).Health care for children and youth in the United States: 2002 report on trends in access, utilization, quality, and expenditures. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 4,131-153.

4. Miller MR, Gergen P, Honour M, Zhan C (2005) Burden of illness for children and where we stand in measuring the quality of this health care. Ambulatory Pediatrics Vol. 5(5), 268-278.

5. Kruzikas, D.T., Jiang, H.J., Remus, D., Barrett, M.L., Coffey, R.M., & Andrews, R (2000). Preventable hospitalizations: A window into primary and preventive care, 2000. HCUP Factbook No. 5 (No. 04-0056). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.

6. Oster A, Bindman AB. Emergency department visits for ambulatory care sensitive conditions: insights into preventable hospitalizations. Medical Care. 2003;41(2):198-207.

7. Falik M, Needleman J, Wells BL, Korb J. Ambulatory-care-sensitive hospitalizations and emergency visits: experiences of Medicaid patients using federally qualified health centers. Medical Care. 2001 Jun;39(6):551-61.

8. Flores G, Abreu M, Chaisson CE, Sun D (2003). Keeping children out of hospitals: Parents’ and physicians’ perspectives on how pediatric hospitalizations for ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions can be avoided. Pediatrics, 112(5), 1021-1030.

9. Bindman AB, Grumbach K, Osmond D, et al. (1995). Preventable hospitalizations and access to health care, JAMA, 274(4), 305-311.

10. Pediatric Quality Indicators Download (May 2006). AHRQ Quality Indicators. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Retrieved on September 12, 2006, from http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/pdi_download.htm

11. Behrman RE, Butler AS (eds.) (2006). Preterm birth: Causes consequences and prevention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

12. For specific inclusion and exclusion criteria related to age and other factors for each indicator, see the methods for Chapter Eight.

13. Significance testing done using difference in proportion tests with alpha at .05, two-tailed to compare 1999 and 2003 Florida State Inpatient Databases from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.

14. Due to differences in the availability of data elements and level of accuracy in identifying newborns and birthweight, the percentage of low birthweight hospitalizations (6.3%) in Florida estimated from administrative, hospital inpatient data is lower from the percentage of low birthweight newborns (8.5%) calculated from vital statistics data.

15. Additional information is available at Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. National Healthcare Quality Report, 2005. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhqr05/fullreport/ManAst.htm

16. The list of counties in each region is shown in Appendix Table 4-1.

17. Admission rates per 100,000 child population not calculated because population estimated are not available for race and ethnicity and insurance status for 2003. Therefore, these analyses are all based on proportions of all potentially avoidable hospitalizations.

18. Author analyses of potentially avoidable hospitalizations for asthma, short-term complications of diabetes, gastroenteritis and urinary tract infection.
19. 2006 KIDS COUNT Data Book: State Profiles of Child Well-Being. Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD. This data book reports the low birthweight percentage for Florida and the nation as 8.5 percent and 7.9 percent respectively.

20. Respiratory system diseases includes all diagnostic codes for: respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/bronchiectasis, asthma, aspiration pneumonitis, pleurisy/pneumothorax/pumonary collapse, respiratory failure/insufficiency, lung disease due to external agents, other lower respiratory disease and other upper respiratory disease.

Mental disorders includes all diagnostic codes for: mental retardation, alcohol and substance-related mental disorders, senility and organic mental disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia and related disorders, other psychoses, anxiety/somatoform/dissociative/personality disorders, preadult disorders, other mental conditions and personal history of mental disorder/ screening for mental condition.

Digestive system diseases includes all diagnosis codes for: intestinal infection, disorders of teeth and jaw, diseases of mouth (excluding dental), upper gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal hernia, lower gastrointestinal disorders, biliary tract disease, liver disease, pancreatic disorders (not diabetes), melena, noninfectious gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal disorders.

21. Author analyses of the 2003 Florida State Inpatient Database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.

22. Kapphahn C, Moreale M, Rickert V, Walker L (2006). Financing mental health services for adolescents: A background paper. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 318-327.

23. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS (eds.) (2000). To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

24. Kaushal R, Bates DW, Landrigan C, McKenna KJ, Clapp MD, Federico F, Goldmann DA. Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events in Pediatric Inpatients. JAMA, Apr 2001; 285: 2114 - 2120.

25. Woods D, Thomas E, Holl J, Altman S, Brennan T. Adverse Events and Preventable Adverse Events in Children. Pediatrics, Jan 2005; 115: 155 - 160.

26. Pediatric Quality Indicators Technical Specifications (Version 3.0b). AHRQ Quality Indicators. May 2006. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. (Available online at: http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov)

27. Scanlon MC, Miller M, Harris JM, Schulz K , Sedman A, Targeted Chart Review of Pediatric Patient Safety Events Identified by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Patient Safety Indicators Methodology. J Patient Saf Vol. 2 (4), December 2006:191-197